Sunday, 11 November 2012
ARTICLE
Microorganism
A microorganism (also spelled as microrganism) or microbe is an organism that is microscopic.The study of microorganisms is called microbiology.
Microorganisms include bacteria, fungi, archaea or protists, but not viruses and prions, which are generally classified as non-living.
Most microorganisms are single-celled, or unicellular, but some are microscopic, and some unicellular protists are visible to the average human. Microorganisms live almost everywhere on Earth where there is liquid water, including hot springs, on the ocean floor, and deep inside rocks within Earth's crust.
Microorganisms are critical to nutrient recycling in ecosystems as they act as decomposers.
As some microorganisms can also fix nitrogen, they are an important part of the nitrogen cycle.
However, pathogenic microbes can invade other organisms and cause diseases that kill millions of people every year. Microorganisms can be found almost anywhere in the taxonomic organization of life on the planet.
Bacteria and archaea are almost always microscopic, while a number of eukaryotes are also microscopic, including most protists and a number of fungi.
Viruses are generally regarded as not living and therefore are not microbes, although the field of microbiology also encompasses the study of viruses. Habitats and ecology Microorganisms are found in almost every habitat present in nature.
Even in hostile environments such as the poles, deserts, geysers, rocks, and the deep sea, some types of microorganisms have adapted to the extreme conditions and sustained colonies; these organisms are known as extremophiles.
Extremophiles have been isolated from rocks as much as 7 kilometres below the earth's surface, and it has been suggested that the amount of living organisms below the earth's surface may be comparable with the amount of life on or above the surface.
Extremophiles have been known to survive for a prolonged time in a vacuum, and can be highly resistant to radiation, which may even allow them to survive in space.
Many types of microorganisms have intimate symbiotic relationships with other larger organisms; some of which are mutually beneficial (mutualism), while others can be damaging to the host organism (parasitism).
If microorganisms can cause disease in a host they are known as pathogens. Microorganisms are vital to humans and the environment, as they participate in the Earth's element cycles such as the carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle, as well as fulfilling other vital roles in virtually all ecosystems, such as recycling other organisms' dead remains and waste products through decomposition.
Microbes also have an important place in most higher-order multicellular organisms as symbionts. Microorganisms are the cause of many infectious diseases.
The organisms involved include bacteria, causing diseases such as plague, tuberculosis and anthrax; protozoa, causing diseases such as malaria, sleeping sickness and toxoplasmosis; and also fungi causing diseases such as ringworm, candidiasis or histoplasmosis.
However, other diseases such as influenza, yellow fever or AIDS are caused by viruses, which are not living organisms and are not therefore microorganisms.
As of 2007, no clear examples of archaean pathogens are known, although a relationship has been proposed between the presence of some methanogens and human periodontal disease.
TOP 10 MOST EXPENSIVE FOOD
10. Matsutake Mushrooms – $1000 per pound
Matsutake Mushrooms
Matsutake
is the common name for a highly sought after mycorrhizal mushroom that
grows in Asia, Europe, and North America. It is an important element of
Japanese cuisine. Matsutake are hard to harvest and therefore the price
is very high. The Japanese matsutake at the beginning of the season
which is the highest grade can go up to $2,000 per kilogram. In
contrast, the average value for imported matsutake is about $90 per
kilogram.
9. The Zillion Dollar Frittata – $1000
The Zillion Dollar Frittata
Culinary
craziness has reached new heights in New York with the debut of the
$1,000 omelet! Le Parker Meridien hotel on W. 57th St. recently added
the bank-breaking breakfast dish to its menu, charging patrons what it
costs to buy about 200 omelets at your local greasy spoon. It is
apparently no ordinary omelet of a mix of eggs, lobster and lots of
caviar.
8. Chocopologie – $2,600 per pound
Chocopologie
The
tastiest and most expensive chocolate in the world is Chocopologie by
Knipschildt. At $2,600 per pound, this handmade chocolate truffle is
available only if ordered. It contains a black truffle and 70% Valrhona
cacao.
7. Wagyu Steak – $2800
Wagyu Steak
For
your next after-work social, you might try taking your associates to
New York City’s Craft steak, where a full Wagyu rib eye was served up to
a private party for $2800.
6. Samundri Khazana – $3200
Samundri Khazana
Called
The Samundari Khazana aka Treasure from the seas, this one is tasteful
mix of Beluga caviar, sea snails and a whole lobster topped with edible
gold.The world’s most expensive curry has been launched despite the
credit crunch – and costs £2,000 a portion. To celebrate the DVD release
of Slumdog Millionaire, Bombay Brassiere packed this curry platter full
of the most expensive ingredients they could find.
5. Pizza Royale 007 – $4,200
Pizza Royale 007
The
auction ended November 19, 2006 with the highest bid by Italian lawyer
Maurizio Morelli reaching £2,150 (approx. $4,200 in US dollars). Morelli
is a charitable food connoisseur from Rome who also collects fine wines
and truffles. The Guinness Book of World Records is reviewing the
details of the pizza’s sale and it is under consideration for taking the
record for “World’s Most Expensive Pizza” from a less extravagant white
truffle pizza created by Gordon Ramsay’s Maze restaurant in London.
4. Dansuke Watermelons – $6,100
Dansuke Watermelons
Dansuke
watermelons, a type of black watermelon grown only on the northern
Japanese island of Hokkaido, are usually given as gifts due to their
extraordinary rarity. There were only sixty-five of the fruits among the
first harvest this season. According to the AP, “a jumbo black
watermelon auctioned in Japan on Friday fetched a record $6,100, making
it one of the most expensive watermelons ever sold in the country.”
3. Yubari Melons – $20,000
Yubari melon
The
Yubari Melon is a very expensive Japanese melon. They had previously
been judged the best pair and were purchased by the owner of a nearby
seafood lunchbox and souvenir business. Prices range from 6,000 to
15,000 yen (which would be $60 to $150 in the US). The best ones are
within the range of costing 20,000 yen ($200 US.) and the price record
at auction was established in 2008 at 2 million yen ($20,000).
2. Almas Caviar – $25,000
Almas Caviar
Almas
caviar. This caviar is white, and it comes from beluga which is over
100 years old. Beluga sturgeon, the largest fish and only predator in
the sturgeon family, can take up to 20 years to reach maturity. It is
believed, that the whiter the caviar the older the fish and the more
exquisite the flavor. Almas Iranian caviar is extremely expensive. It is
sold only in 24K gold tin for $2000 per 100 gram. The only known outlet
is the Caviar House & Prunier in London England’s Picadilly that
sells a kilo of the expensive Almas caviar in a 24-karat gold tin for
£16,000 or about $25,000.
1. Huge Italian Truffle To Fetch – $216,000
Huge Italian Truffle To Fetch
The
world’s most expensive food is truffle ever as was purchased by an
anonymous buyer from Hong Kong for $2, 10,000. But it seems that there
is its competitor that can beat it if got sold for $216,000. A 1.5-kg
white truffle originated from Italian geography is expected to be sold
for will be sold for 150,000 euros ($216,000) at a charity auction
scheduled in Macau.
LARGEST MOSQUES IN THE WORLD
10- Sheikh Zayed Mosque
The
tenth largest Mosque in the world (and first largest Mosque in the
country) is Sheikh Zayed Mosque situated in Abu Dhabi, UAE. It covers an
area of almost 22,000 square meter (5.4 acres) and has the capacity of
40,000 Worshipers. The Mosque was built in the year 2007.
The
tenth largest Mosque in the world (and first largest Mosque in the
country) is Sheikh Zayed Mosque situated in Abu Dhabi, UAE. It covers an
area of almost 22,000 square meter (5.4 acres) and has the capacity of
40,000 Worshipers. The Mosque was built in the year 2007.9- Faisal Mosque
The
nineth largest Mosque in the world is Faisal Masjid situated in
Islamabad Pakistan. It covers an area of almost 43,295.8 square
meter (10.6 acres) and has the capacity of 74,000 Worshipers. The Mosque
was built in the year 1986.
The
nineth largest Mosque in the world is Faisal Masjid situated in
Islamabad Pakistan. It covers an area of almost 43,295.8 square
meter (10.6 acres) and has the capacity of 74,000 Worshipers. The Mosque
was built in the year 1986.8- Jama Masjid
The
eighth largest Mosque in the world is Jama Masjid situated in Delhi,
India. The mosque is about 22561 feet (8058m) long and 258258 inch feet
(549 m) wide and has the capacity of 85,000 Worshipers. The Mosque was
built in the year 1656.
The
eighth largest Mosque in the world is Jama Masjid situated in Delhi,
India. The mosque is about 22561 feet (8058m) long and 258258 inch feet
(549 m) wide and has the capacity of 85,000 Worshipers. The Mosque was
built in the year 1656.7- Badshahi Mosque
The
seventh largest Mosque in the world (and first largest Mosque in the
country) is Badshahi Mosque situated in Lahore, Pakistan. It covers an
area of almost 29,867.2 square meter (7.3 acres) and has the capacity of
100,000 Worshipers. The Mosque was built in the year 1673.
The
seventh largest Mosque in the world (and first largest Mosque in the
country) is Badshahi Mosque situated in Lahore, Pakistan. It covers an
area of almost 29,867.2 square meter (7.3 acres) and has the capacity of
100,000 Worshipers. The Mosque was built in the year 1673.6- Hassan II Mosque
The
sixth largest Mosque in the world (and first largest Mosque in the
country) is Hassan II Mosque situated in Casablanca, Morocco. It covers
an area of almost 90,000 square meter (22.2 acres) and has the capacity
of 105,000 Worshipers. The Mosque was built in the year 1993.
The
sixth largest Mosque in the world (and first largest Mosque in the
country) is Hassan II Mosque situated in Casablanca, Morocco. It covers
an area of almost 90,000 square meter (22.2 acres) and has the capacity
of 105,000 Worshipers. The Mosque was built in the year 1993.5- Istiqlal Mosque
The
fifth largest Mosque in the world is Masjid Istiqlal situated in
Jakarta, Indonesia. It covers an area of almost 95,000 square
meter (23.4 acres) and has the capacity of 120,000 Worshipers. The
Mosque was built in the year 1978.
The
fifth largest Mosque in the world is Masjid Istiqlal situated in
Jakarta, Indonesia. It covers an area of almost 95,000 square
meter (23.4 acres) and has the capacity of 120,000 Worshipers. The
Mosque was built in the year 1978.4- Taj-ul-Masajid
The
fourth largest Mosque in the world (and first largest Mosque in the
country) is Taj-ul-Masajid situated in Bhopal, India. It covers an area
of almost 400,000 square meter (98 acres) and has the capacity of
175,000 Worshipers. The Mosque was built in the year 1901.
The
fourth largest Mosque in the world (and first largest Mosque in the
country) is Taj-ul-Masajid situated in Bhopal, India. It covers an area
of almost 400,000 square meter (98 acres) and has the capacity of
175,000 Worshipers. The Mosque was built in the year 1901.3- Al-Masjid al-Nabawi
It
is the third largest Mosque in the world situated in Medina, Saudi
Arabia. It covers an area of almost 400,500 square meter (99 acres) and
has the capacity of 650,000 Worshipers. The Mosque was built in the year
622.
It
is the third largest Mosque in the world situated in Medina, Saudi
Arabia. It covers an area of almost 400,500 square meter (99 acres) and
has the capacity of 650,000 Worshipers. The Mosque was built in the year
622.2- Imam Reza Shrine
It
is the second largest mosque in the world situated in Mashhad,
Iran. It covers an area of almost 598,657 square meter (148 acres) and
has the capacity of 700,000 Worshipers. It was built in the year 818.
It
is the second largest mosque in the world situated in Mashhad,
Iran. It covers an area of almost 598,657 square meter (148 acres) and
has the capacity of 700,000 Worshipers. It was built in the year 818.1- Masjid al-Haram
It
is the largest Mosque in the world situated in Mecca (Makkah), Saudi
Arabia. It covers an area of almost 400,800 square meter (90 acres) and
has the capacity of 820,00 Worshipers. The Mosque was built in the year
638.
-HIGHEST PAID FOOTBALLERS-
1 ) David Beckham
Net worth: £135 million or £219 million (according to 2011 Sunday Times Rich List)
May 2010 to May 2011 earnings: $40 million
Current Club: Los Angelas Galaxy
Beckham endorsement deals with adidas is the biggest in the sport thanks to royalties from apparel and footwear collections.
2 ) Cristiano Ronaldo
Net worth: $160 million (estimated)
May 2010 to May 2011 earnings: $38 million
Current Club: Real Madrid
Ronaldo
is Facebook’s most popular athlete with 24 million fans which is part
of the attraction for sponsors such as Nike, Armani, Coca-Cola. He is
also the Castrol ambassador.
3 ) Lionel Messi
Net worth: $110 million (estimated)
May 2010 to May 2011 earnings: $32 million
Current Club: Barcelona
Messi is the world’s best player and has meaningful sponsorship deals with adidas, Konami, Lay’s to name a few.
4 ) Ricardo Kaka
Net worth: $110 million (estimated)
May 2010 to May 2011 earnings: $25 million
Current Club: Real Madrid
Although
he did not play much for Real this season, he was the star player of
the FIFA10 video game, and has a sponsorship deal with Adidas.
5 ) Ronaldinho
Net worth: $90million (estimated)
May 2010 to May 2011 earnings: $24 million
Current Club: Flamengo
Yep,
he is still there! The Flamengo player is ranked 5th. Still a Nike
athlete, Ronnie benefits from interesting endorsement deals.
6 ) Thierry Henry
Net worth: $60 million (estimated)
May 2010 to May 2011 earnings: $21 million
Current Club: New York Red Bulls
Second MLS player in the top 10. Although his sponsorship deal with Gillette finished at the end of 2010,Thierry Henry remains in the top ten with $21 million earnings this year.
7 ) Wayne Rooney
Net worth: £37million (according to the 2011 Sunday Times Rich List)
May 2010 to May 2011 earnings: $20 million
Current Club: Manchester United
His “strike” at the beginning of the season triggered a significant salary increase to $1 million annually. He is Nike icon.
8 ) (tie) Frank Lampard
Net worth: £37million (according to the 2011 Sunday Times Rich List)
May 2010 to May 2011 earnings: $17 million
Current Club: Chelsea
In partnership with adidas, Frank Lampard significantly increased his earnings compared to the previous year.
9 ) (tie) Zlatan Imbrahimovic
Net worth: $60 million (according to the 2011 Sunday Times Rich List)
May 2010 to May 2011 earnings: $17million
Current Club: MC Milan
Barca paid a $94 million fee to Inter Milan in 2009 for the rights to Ibrahimovic, which was the secondtransfer fee ever.
10 ) Samuel Eto’o
Net worth: $40 million (estimated)
May 2010 to May 2011 earnings: $15million
Current Club: Inter Milan
Football icon of the sports lifestyle brand Puma, the Cameroonian counts Ford among his partnerships.
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